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Tax Tips from The Bookkeepers |
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The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, signed into law on Feb. 17, 2009, makes a number of beneficial tax changes for individuals. However, most of them are temporary and unless extended by future legislation; they apply for 2009 only or in some cases for 2009 and 2010. New Making Work Pay Credit. Individuals who work generally get a credit of up to $400 ($800 for joint filers). The credit is refundable, meaning you get it even if you owe no income tax. This change applies for 2009 and 2010. The credit is the lesser of 6.2% of your earned income or $400 ($800 on a joint return). The credit is phased out for joint filers with modified adjusted gross income between $150,000 and $190,000 and other taxpayers with modified AGI between $75,000 and $95,000. Your employer will automatically adjust your withholding so that you will get a little more money in each paycheck. If you have multiple jobs, you may have to adjust your withholding so that too much is not taken out. If you are self-employed, you can effectively receive the credit in advance by reducing your estimated tax payments. One-time $250 payment or credit for others. The Recovery Act provides a one-time payment of $250 in 2009 to retirees, disabled individuals and SSI recipients receiving benefits from the Social Security Administration, Railroad Retirement beneficiaries, and disabled veterans receiving benefits from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. It also provides a one-time refundable tax credit of $250 in 2009 to certain government retirees who are not eligible for Social Security benefits. The Making Work Payment credit is reduced by any $250 payment or credit received. New sales tax deduction for vehicle purchases. For 2009, there is a new deduction for state and local sales and excise taxes paid on the purchase of new cars, light trucks, motor homes and motorcycles after Feb. 16, 2009 and before Jan. 1, 2010. The deduction generally is available regardless of whether you itemize deductions on Schedule A or claim the standard deduction. The deduction is limited to the tax on up to $49,500 of the purchase price of an eligible motor vehicle. The deduction is phased out for joint filers with modified adjusted gross income between $250,000 and $260,000 and other taxpayers with modified AGI between $125,000 and $135,000. If you itemize and choose the option to deduct state sales taxes in lieu of state income taxes, you don’t get the new deduction. This prevents you from getting a double deduction for the sales taxes on the vehicle but it also involves some tricky planning considerations because different rules apply to the optional deduction and the new deduction. For example, the new deduction but not the optional deduction is allowed against the alternative minimum tax. Additionally, the optional deduction is subject to a limitation that caps the deduction for sales tax on a motor vehicle to the general sales tax rate. Improved first-time homebuyer credit. Last year’s Housing Act included a refundable tax credit for first-time homebuyers equal to the lesser of 10% of the purchase price or $7,500 for qualifying purchases after Apr. 1, 2008 and before July 1, 2009. The credit is essentially an interest-free loan because it has to be paid back to the government over 15 years. The Recovery Act has improved the credit for 2009 purchases by (1) eliminating the requirement to pay it back (subject to exceptions), (2) increasing the maximum credit to $8,000, and (3) making it available for purchases through November 2009. You can treat a 2009 purchase as having been made on Dec. 31, 2008 and thus get an immediate refund when you file your 2008 taxes by the Apr. 15, 2009 filing deadline. Even if you have already filed your 2008 taxes, you can file an amended 2008 return to get the credit for a 2009 purchase. You are considered a first-time homebuyer if you or (or your spouse, if married) had no present ownership interest in a principal residence in the U.S. during the 3-year period before the purchase of the home to which the credit applies. The first time homebuyer credit, whether claimed in 2008 or 2009, phases out for individual taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income between $75,000 and $95,000 ($150,000Ð$170,000 for joint filers). AMT relief. In general terms, to find out if you owe alternative minimum tax (AMT), you start with regular taxable income, modify it with various adjustments and preferences (such as add backs for property and income tax deductions and dependency exemptions), and then subtract an exemption amount (which phases out at higher levels of income). The result is multiplied by an AMT tax rate of 26% or 28% to arrive at the tentative minimum tax. You pay the AMT only if the tentative minimum tax exceeds your regular tax bill. Although it was originally enacted to make sure that wealthy individuals did not escape paying taxes, the AMT has wound up ensnaring many middle-income taxpayers. Exemption amounts were scheduled to drop and fewer tax credits were to be available to offset AMT for 2009. The Recovery Act provides AMT relief for 2009 by (1) increasing the exemption amounts above last year’s levels and (2) allowing nonrefundable credits to offset AMT as well as regular tax. For tax-year 2009, Congress raised the alternative minimum tax exemption to the following levels:
Under current law, these exemption amounts will drop to $45,000, $22,500 and $33,750, respectively, in 2010. Form 6251 and the AMT calculator provide more information. College tax breaks. The Recovery Act expands tax breaks for individuals seeking a college education. For 2009 and 2010, it gives taxpayers a new “American Opportunity” tax credit of up to $2,500 of the cost of tuition and related expenses paid during the tax year. You receive a tax credit based on 100% of the first $2,000 of tuition and related expenses (including books) paid during the tax year and 25% of the next $2,000 of tuition and related expenses paid during the tax year. The credit is available for the first four years of post-secondary education in a degree or certificate program. Forty percent of the credit is refundable. The credit is phased out for taxpayers with modified AGI between $80,000 and $90,000 ($160,000 and $180,000 for joint filers). Section 529 Education Plans are tax-advantaged savings plans that can be used to pay qualified education expenses, including: tuition, room & board, mandatory fees and books. Under the Recovery Act, for 2009 and 2010, qualified education expenses under these plans include computer technology and equipment, as well as Internet access and related services. Tax break for the unemployed. Unemployment compensation benefits ordinarily are fully taxable. However, under the Recovery Act, an individual does not have to pay tax on up to $2,400 in unemployment benefits received in 2009. Limited subsidy for COBRA continuation coverage of unemployed workers. The Recovery Act provides a 65% subsidy for COBRA continuation premiums for up to 9 months for workers who have been involuntarily terminated, and for their families. This subsidy also applies to health care continuation coverage if required by states for small employers. To qualify for premium assistance, a worker must be involuntarily terminated between Sept. 1, 2008 and Dec. 31, 2009. Workers who were involuntarily terminated between Sept. 1, 2008 and Feb. 17, 2009, but failed to initially elect COBRA because it was unaffordable, must be given an additional 60 days to elect COBRA and receive the subsidy. The subsidy is not taxable when received, but higher income recipientsÑthose with modified adjusted gross income above $125,000 ($250,000 for joint filers)Ñwill have to pay back part or all of it at tax return time. Refundable child credit expanded. A taxpayer receives a $1,000 tax credit for each qualifying child under the age of 17. Before the Recovery Act, this credit was refundable only to a limited extent. The Recovery Act makes the child credit refundable to a much greater extent for 2009 and 2010. Bigger earned income tax credit (EITC). The Recovery Act makes various changes to the earned income tax credit for 2009 and 2010. These changes will result in a bigger EITC for some taxpayers. For example, in 2009, taxpayers with three or more qualifying children may claim a credit of 45% of earnings up to $12,570, resulting in a maximum credit of $5,656.50. Increased transit and vanpool transportation fringe benefits. For months beginning on or after Mar. 1, 2009 and before Jan. 1, 2011, the Recovery Act increases the monthly exclusion for employer-provided transit and vanpool benefits from $120 to $230. This figure is adjusted for inflation each year and could go up in 2010. Improved energy tax breaks. The Recovery Act includes a number of provisions that are designed to promote the creation and use of alternative forms of energy including these new or improved energy tax breaks for individuals:
Other Changes The 2009 standard mileage rate for business use of a car, van, pick-up or panel truck is 55 cents for each mile driven. 2010 rate has been reduced to 50 cents per mile. The standard mileage rate for the cost of operating a vehicle for medical reasons or as part of a deductible move is 24 cents per mile. The rate for using a car to provide services to charitable organizations is set by law and remains at 14 cents a mile. The value of each personal and dependency exemption is $3,650, up $150 from 2008. Most taxpayers can take personal exemptions for themselves and an additional exemption for each eligible dependent. This is one of more than three dozen individual and business tax provisions that are adjusted each year to keep pace with inflation. A complete rundown of these changes can be found in 2009 Inflation Adjustments Widen Tax Brackets, Change Tax Benefits. The amount of taxable investment income a child can have without it being taxed at the parent's rate is $1,900, up $100 from 2008. For details, see Form 8615. There are several modifications to the definition of a qualifying child. For example, the child must be younger than the taxpayer, unless the child is totally and permanently disabled. These changes affect who can claim various tax benefits including the dependency exemption, child tax credit, credit for child and dependent care expenses, head of household filing status and the EITC. See the instructions for Forms 1040 or 1040a for more information. A new rule applies to the noncustodial parent in situations where a couple is divorced or legally separated after 2008. To claim a child as a dependent, the noncustodial parent must attach Form 8332 or a similar statement to his or her tax return. For pre-2009 divorces and separations, the noncustodial spouse still has the option of attaching certain pages from the divorce decree or separation agreement, instead of Form 8332. See Form 8332 for further details. A $3,500 or $4,500 voucher or payment made for such a voucher under the CARS “cash for clunkers” program is not taxable to the consumer buying or leasing a new car. Small Business Highlights Section 179 limits. The maximum section 179 expense deduction you can elect for qualified section 179 property you placed in service in tax years that begin in 2009 remains at $250,000 ($285,000 for qualified enterprise zone property and qualified renewal community property). This limit is reduced by the amount by which the cost of section 179 property placed in service in the tax year exceeds $800,000 Depreciation limits on business vehicles. The total depreciation deduction (including the section 179 expense deduction) you can take for a passenger automobile (that is not a truck or a van) you use in your business and first placed in service in 2009 is $2,960 ($10,960 for automobiles for which the special depreciation allowance applies). The maximum deduction you can take for a truck or van you use in your business and first placed in service in 2009 is $3,060 ($11,060 for trucks or vans for which the special depreciation allowance applies). These limits are reduced if the business use of the vehicle is less than 100%. Special 50% depreciation is not available for 2009. For 2008 and 2009, you can choose a 3, 4, or 5-year carryback period for the part of your 2008 or 2009ÊNOL that is an Small Business loss. An ESB is a small business as defined in Internal Revenue Code section 172(b)(1)(F)(iii), except that an ESB's 3-year average annual gross receipts can be up to $15 million (instead of $5 million). An ESB loss is the smaller of: the amount that would be the 2008 or 2009 NOL if only income, gains, losses, and deductions attributable to ESBs were taken into account, or the 2008 or 2009ÊNOL. COBRA Premium Assistance Credit The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 allows a credit against certain employment taxes for providing COBRA premium assistance to assistance eligible individuals. An assistance eligible individual is any qualified beneficiary if at any time during the period beginning on September 1, 2008, and ending on December 31, 2009, the beneficiary is eligible for COBRA continuation coverage, the beneficiary elects coverage, and the qualifying event that allows the beneficiary to get coverage is the involuntary termination of the covered employee's employment during this period. For periods of COBRA continuation coverage beginning after February 16, 2009, a group health plan must treat an assistance eligible individual as having paid the required COBRA continuation coverage premium if the individual elects COBRA continuation coverage and pays 35% of the amount of the premium. The 65% of the amount of the premium not paid by the assistance eligible individual is reimbursed to the employer or other entity maintaining the group health plan. The maximum period for which the reimbursement can be provided for any beneficiary is 9 months. The reimbursement is made through a credit against employment tax liabilities. The credit is taken on line 12a of Form 941, line 11a of Form 944, or line 13a of Form 943 once the 35% of the premium is paid by or on behalf of the assistance eligible individual. The credit is treated as a deposit made on the first day of the return period (quarter or year). Anyone claiming the credit for COBRA assistance payments must maintain the appropriate information to support their claim. |
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